Decision-making – Severe storm expected within 48 hours Statement: The meteorological department reports that a severe storm is likely to hit the city during the next 48 hours. Courses of Action: I. Advise all business and educational establishments to close for two days. II. Do not make the information public to avoid panic among residents. III. Activate the disaster-management program to tackle possible emergencies.

Introduction / Context:
Imminent severe weather requires proportionate, structured response. We must distinguish necessary preparedness from measures that are premature or counterproductive.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Severe storm forecast with a 48-hour lead time.
• City authorities manage risk communications and emergency services.
• Goal: reduce harm while maintaining essential functions.

Concept / Approach:
Good practice is to activate emergency plans (alerts, shelters, drainage checks, power/medical readiness). Blanket closures are decided based on track/intensity updates; suppressing information is harmful.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Emergency management frameworks prioritize readiness and clear communication over secrecy and indiscriminate shutdowns.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• I and II: I is premature; II is dangerous.
• I and III / All: Both include II or an unjustified I.

Common Pitfalls:
Equating forecast with certain impact; confusing panic-management with information suppression.

Final Answer:
Only III follows