Dam engineering: identify the possible failure modes of a masonry dam Consider a gravity or masonry dam resting on soil or rock foundation. Assess the typical structural failure modes that may cause distress or collapse. Choose the correct comprehensive statement.

Given/Context
Masonry (gravity) dams resist water pressure by their self-weight. Failure may occur if stresses exceed permissible limits or if stability criteria are not met.

Concept/Approach
Primary structural failure modes include: (i) tension in masonry or at the base (cracking); (ii) overturning when the resultant passes outside the kern; (iii) crushing of masonry at the toe/heel when compressive stress exceeds allowable.

Explanation
Design checks limit tensile/compressive stresses and ensure the resultant stays within the middle third. If any check fails, a corresponding failure mode can occur.

Final Answer
Any one of the above mechanisms depending on loading and design inadequacy.