Causal completion: provide a logical reason for having no money now Stem: "He has no money now …" Choose the completion that explains the present lack of money.

Concept
A present-tense result (has no money now) requires a cause compatible with having disposed of wealth.

Option analysis
as he has given up all his wealth — directly explains the present lack of money. ✅(a) Past poverty does not cause present poverty by itself.(c) Being rich once does not explain having no money now.(d) Receiving a donation would increase money, not remove it.(e) Greed does not logically entail having no money now.

Final Answer
as he has given up all his wealth.