What does a data-flow diagram (DFD) depict at a glance?

Introduction: A DFD is a high-level visualization of how information moves and changes inside a system. It combines flows, transformations, and storage to form a coherent picture for stakeholders.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Standard DFD elements: data flows, processes, data stores, external entities.
• Goal is to understand scope and interfaces, not algorithmic detail.

Concept / Approach: DFDs show how input becomes output through processes and where intermediate or master data are kept. Each symbol contributes part of the picture. Limiting a DFD to only one aspect misses its integrated purpose.

Step-by-Step Solution: 1) Identify core components: flows, processes, stores. 2) Recognize that DFDs include all three, plus external entities. 3) Therefore, “All of the above” is correct.

Verification / Alternative check: Open any structured analysis reference: DFD definitions consistently include processes, data stores, and data flows.

Why Other Options Are Wrong: Option A/B/C: Each captures only a subset of what a DFD shows.
Option E: Invalid because DFDs do depict these elements together.

Common Pitfalls: Mistaking a DFD for a workflow or algorithm chart. DFDs focus on data movement and transformation, not control flow or code logic.

Final Answer: All of the above: flows, processes, and data stores