Position of neutral axis in a T-beam:\nDepending on flange and web proportions and loading, where can the neutral axis (NA) lie in a reinforced concrete T-beam section?

Introduction / Context:
The neutral axis location in a T-beam depends on the relative stiffness of the flange and web and the magnitude of compressive force to be carried at ultimate or working conditions. Understanding possible NA positions is central to deciding whether the flange is fully or partially effective.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• T-beam comprised of slab flange and web (rib).
• Bending causing compression on the slab (top) side.

Concept / Approach:
If compressive force can be accommodated entirely within the flange, the NA lies within the flange. When compressive demand increases, the NA can drop to the flange–web junction or even into the web (below the slab), indicating that both flange and part of the web are participating in compression.

Step-by-Step Reasoning:
Small compression demand → NA within flange (flange alone resists).Moderate demand → NA near the flange bottom.High demand → NA inside the web below slab level.

Verification / Alternative check:
In design, trial NA positions are assumed and section capacity is computed. The final position is the one that balances internal compression and tension to match the applied bending moment.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Each isolated location can occur; therefore the inclusive option correctly captures all possible NA positions.

Common Pitfalls:

• Assuming NA is always within flange; not true for heavy moments or narrow flanges.
• Ignoring effective flange width limitations per code.

Final Answer:
all the above