In Lisp programming, express the mathematical function f(x) = 2x + 1 as a proper Lisp function literal using lambda notation and prefix operators.

Introduction / Context:
Lisp uses prefix notation and functional forms to represent expressions. Writing a mathematical function such as f(x) = 2x + 1 requires understanding of lambda expressions, function application, and the use of arithmetic operators in prefix form.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Target function: f(x) = 2x + 1.
• We want an anonymous function (lambda) rather than a named top-level function.
• Standard Lisp prefix arithmetic operators are available.

Concept / Approach:
In Lisp, multiplication is written as (* a b) and addition as (+ a b). A lambda expression is written (lambda (args) body). Thus, to compute 2x + 1, we multiply x by 2 and then add 1 to the result inside the lambda body.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Apply the lambda to a test value: ((lambda (x) (+ (* 2 x) 1)) 3) evaluates to 7, which matches 23+1.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Option b has equivalent arithmetic but extra spacing; still correct mathematically, but option a is the canonical minimal form we seek.
• Option c computes 2(x+1), which is 2x+2, not 2x+1.
• Option d defines a named function; the prompt asks for a lambda expression literal.

Common Pitfalls:
Accidentally using infix notation or omitting parentheses leads to syntax errors. Ensure operators are in prefix form and expressions are fully parenthesized.

Final Answer:
(lambda (x) (+ (* 2 x) 1))