Decision reasoning – festival season spike in crime Statement: There was a spurt in criminal activities in the city during the recent festival season. Courses of Action to evaluate: I. Police should immediately investigate the causes of this increase. II. In future, police should take adequate precautions to avoid recurrence during festivals. III. Known criminals should be arrested before any such season. Which course(s) logically follow(s)?

Introduction / Context:
Festival seasons often increase crowding and opportunities for theft or disorder. The question asks which courses of action are legitimate and proportionate responses to the observed spike in crime.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• There was a recent surge in criminal activity.
• The surge coincided with the festival season.
• Police can deploy targeted measures and investigations.

Concept / Approach:
Appropriate actions should be investigative and preventive while respecting due process. Measures must be based on cause analysis and proportionate policing, not arbitrary arrests.

Step-by-Step Solution:
I: Investigating causes (modus operandi, hotspots, deployment gaps) is essential to craft effective countermeasures. This follows logically.II: Planning precautions for future festivals (extra patrols, CCTV, crowd control, awareness drives) directly addresses recurrence risk. This follows.III: Arresting “known criminals” preemptively without specific charges violates due process and civil liberties; preventive detention requires legal thresholds. As stated, III does not logically follow.

Verification / Alternative check:
Smart policing emphasizes intelligence-led deployment and lawful, evidence-based action. I and II satisfy these criteria.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• “All follows”: III is overbroad and legally problematic.
• “None”: contradicts the clear need for investigation and precaution.
• “II and III”: retains the flawed III.

Common Pitfalls:
Equating prior records with grounds for arrest, ignoring the need for evidence and judicial oversight.

Final Answer:
Only I and II follow